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Dachau
First Nazi concentration camp in Germany, established in 1933. It became the model and training center for all other SS-organized camps. In World War II the main camp was supplemented by about 150 branches in S Germany and Austria, which were collectively called Dachau. It was the first and most important camp at which laboratories were set up to perform medical experiments on inmates. Such experiments and the harsh living conditions made Dachau one of the most notorious camps, though it was not designed as an extermination camp.


Pacher
Austrian painter and sculptor. His colossal altarpiece for the Pilgrimage Church of St. Wolfgang in Upper Austria (1479-81) is a masterpiece of late Gothic painting, sculpture, and architecture. The painted panels, with their deep architectural perspective and dramatic foreshortening, indicate knowledge of Mantegna. The sculptural portions, with their intricate detail, bright polychrome, and sweeping draperies, show his attachment to N traditions; and the architectural elements show an extravagant version of the late Gothic style. Pacher was one of the earliest artists to introduce the principles of Renaissance painting into German-speaking regions.


Parhae
State established in the 8th cent. in N Manchuria and N Korea. Founded by a former Korean general, Tae Cho-yang, it was considered a successor state to Koguryo, which had occupied much of the same territory before its conquest by Silla in 668. Like Silla, Parhae was a tributary state of Tang-dynasty China. It traded with the nomadic tribes of the north and with China and Japan. Parhae was conquered in 926 by the Khitan tribes almost 20 years after their creation of the Liao dynasty on China's N borders.


Ascham
English humanist, scholar, and writer. He entered Cambridge Univ. at 14 and studied Greek. He became the future Queen Elizabeth I's tutor in Greek and Latin (1548-50) and continued to serve her after she took the throne. His best-known book is the posthumous The Scholemaster (1570), which deals with the psychology of learning, the education of the whole person, and the ideal moral and intellectual personality that education should mold. He is notable also for his lucid prose style and his promotion of the vernacular.


Bashan
Ancient country, E Palestine. Frequently cited in the Old Testament and later important in the Roman empire, it was located in what is now Syria. In New Testament times, Bashan ranked as one of the great granaries of the Roman empire. One of its towns, Bozrah (Roman Bostra), was important to both Nabataea and Rome. Augustus made Herod the Great ruler of Bashan, and in AD 106 Trajan brought the whole Nabataean kingdom under the empire in creating the province of Arabia, with Bostra as its capital. The country went into decline in the 7th cent. as Muslims took over the area.


Bauhaus
(German: "House of Building") ...

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