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Paterson
City (pop., 1996 est.: 150,000), NE New Jersey. It is located on the Passaic River, north of Newark, N.J. It was founded in 1791 as an industrial settlement by advocates of U.S. industrial independence from Europe. The successful enterprise, begun by A. Hamilton, was known as the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures. In the 19th cent. it was a center of cotton textile production, the silk industry, and locomotive manufacturing. It received a city charter in 1851 and was the scene of many labor disputes. By the 20th cent. its industries were widely diversified.


Pacher
Austrian painter and sculptor. His colossal altarpiece for the Pilgrimage Church of St. Wolfgang in Upper Austria (1479-81) is a masterpiece of late Gothic painting, sculpture, and architecture. The painted panels, with their deep architectural perspective and dramatic foreshortening, indicate knowledge of Mantegna. The sculptural portions, with their intricate detail, bright polychrome, and sweeping draperies, show his attachment to N traditions; and the architectural elements show an extravagant version of the late Gothic style. Pacher was one of the earliest artists to introduce the principles of Renaissance painting into German-speaking regions.


Palermo
City (metro. area pop., 1996 est.: 689,000), seaport, and capital of Sicily, on the Bay of Palermo. Founded by Phoenician traders in the 8th cent. BC, it was later a Carthaginian settlement. It was taken by the Romans in 254 BC. Conquered by the Arabs in 831, it flourished as a center of trade with N. Africa. The period of Norman rule was its golden age, when it became the capital of the Norman kingdom of Sicily founded by King Roger II in 1130. In 1194 Germany's Hohenstaufen ruler, Frederick II took over. In 1282 a popular uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers ended the subsequent French rule. It was taken by Italian patriot G. Garibaldi in 1860 and made part of the kingdom of Italy. Heavily bombed during World War II, it was captured by Allied forces in 1943. Notable buildings from the Norman and later periods include the cathedral that contains the tombs of Roger II and Frederick II. It is Sicily's chief port, and ship repair is an important industry.


Pamirs
High altitude region, central Asia, mostly in Tajikistan. It is partly on the borders of Xinjiang Uygur, China; Jammu and Kashmir, India; and Afghanistan. The range contains many peaks that are more than 20,000 ft (6,100 m) high and many glaciers. Communism Peak rises in the northwest. It is sparsely populated, and almost all the inhabitants are Tajiks. It is a central mountain knot from which extend several great ranges, incl. the Karakorams and Hindu Kush.


paper
Matted or felted sheet, usually made of cellulose fibers, formed on a wire screen from water suspension. Source materials include wood pulp, rags, and recycled paper. The fibers are separated (by ...

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