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Oman
Nation, SE coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Area: 119,500 sq mi (309,500 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 2,265,000. Capital: Masqat, or Muscat. The Omanis are predominantly Arab and tribal in organization. There are also many people from S.E. Asia and E. Africa working there. Language: Arabic (official), Baluchi. Religions: Islam (official), Hinduism. Currency: rial Omani. Oman is a hot, arid country with high humidity along the coasts. The Al-Hajar Mtns. parallel the Gulf of Oman coast, reaching a height of more than 10,000 ft (3,000 m). A broad expanse of gravel desert extends southwestward to cover three-fourths of the country. It has a developing mixed economy, with the production and export of petroleum as its largest sector. It is a monarchy, with an advisory council; its head of state and government is the sultan. The land has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years. The Arab migration to Oman began in the 9th cent. BC. Tribal warfare continued until the conversion to Islam in the 7th cent. AD. It was ruled by Ibadi imams until 1154, when a royal dynasty was established. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas c.1507-1650, when they were expelled. The Al Bu Said dynasty, founded in the mid-18th cent., still rules Oman. The kingdom expanded into E Africa in the 18th-19th cent., and the capital was in Zanzibar. Oil was discovered in 1964. In 1970 the sultan was deposed by his son, who began a policy of modernization and joined the Arab League and the United Nations. In the Persian Gulf War, Oman cooperated with the allied forces against Iraq. In the 1990s it continued to expand its foreign relations.


Oran
City (pop., 1987: 619,000), NW Algeria. Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, it is about midway between Tangier, Morocco, and Algiers. With the adjacent Mers el-Kebir, it is the country's second-largest port. Founded in the 10th cent. by Andalusians as a base for trade with the N African hinterland, it was held by the Spanish until 1708, when it fell to the Turks. It was devastated by a 1790 earthquake. In 1792 the Turks settled a Jewish community there. In 1831 it was occupied by the French and became a modern port and naval base. In World War II it came under Allied forces. Most of its European inhabitants left after Algerian independence in 1962. It is divided into a waterfront and the old and new city sections built on terraces above it.


Akan
Cluster of peoples inhabiting S Ghana, E Ivory Coast, and parts of Togo. Their languages are of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. In the 14th-18th cent. several Akan states, notably the Fante confederacy and the Ashanti empire, formed in regions where gold was produced and traded. Today many of the Akan, who number about 5 million, work in urban districts.


Ananda
First cousin and disciple of the Buddha. A monk who served as the Buddha's personal attendant, he became known as the "beloved disciple." It was ...

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