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Oran
City (pop., 1987: 619,000), NW Algeria. Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, it is about midway between Tangier, Morocco, and Algiers. With the adjacent Mers el-Kebir, it is the country's second-largest port. Founded in the 10th cent. by Andalusians as a base for trade with the N African hinterland, it was held by the Spanish until 1708, when it fell to the Turks. It was devastated by a 1790 earthquake. In 1792 the Turks settled a Jewish community there. In 1831 it was occupied by the French and became a modern port and naval base. In World War II it came under Allied forces. Most of its European inhabitants left after Algerian independence in 1962. It is divided into a waterfront and the old and new city sections built on terraces above it.


road
Traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move. The earliest roads developed from paths and trails and appeared with the invention of wheeled vehicles, around 3000 BC. Road systems developed to facilitate trade in early civilizations; the first major road extended 1,775 mi (2,857 km) from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea and was used c.3500-300 BC. The Romans used roads to maintain control of their empire, with over 53,000 mi (85,000 km) of roadways extending across its lands; Roman construction techniques and design remained the most advanced until the late 1700s. In the early 19th cent. invention of macadam road construction provided a quick and durable method for building roads, and asphalt and concrete also began to be used. Motorized traffic in the 20th cent. led to the limited-access highway, the first of which was a parkway in New York City (1925). Superhighways also appeared in Italy and Germany in the 1930s. In the 1950s the U.S. interstate highway system was inaugurated to link the country's major cities.


Agadir
Seaport (pop., 1994 est.: 155,000), SW Morocco. It was occupied in the 16th cent. by the Portuguese, but later became an independent Moroccan port. After the 1911 Moroccan Crisis when a German gunboat appeared offshore to protect perceived German interests, it was occupied by French troops in 1913. Modern growth began with the port's construction in 1914, and the development of the fishing industry. Destroyed in 1960 by earthquakes, tidal wave, and fire, it was rebuilt south of its original location. In addition to its port functions, it is a market place for the surrounding agricultural area.


Amado
Brazilian novelist. Born and reared on a cacao plantation, he published his first novel at 20. His early works, incl. The Violent Land (1942), explore the exploitation and suffering of plantation workers. Despite imprisonment and exile for leftist activities, he continued to produce novels, many of which have been banned in Brazil and Portugal. Later works such as Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon (1958), Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (1966), and The War of the Saints (1993) preserve Amado's ...

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