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Bath
City (pop., 1995 est.: 84,000), SW England. Situated on the Avon River, it was founded as Aquae Sulis by the Romans, who were attracted to its hot mineral springs. The Anglo-Saxons arrived in the 6th cent. AD, followed by the Normans c.1100. In the Middle Ages it was a prosperous center for the cloth trade. When the Roman baths were rediscovered in 1755, Bath had already revived as a spa; its popularity is reflected in the works of J. Austen, R. B. Sheridan, and T. Smollett. It was rebuilt and extended in the Palladian style during the 18th cent. Bath today retains many of its 18th-cent. structures.


lathe
Machine tool that performs turning operations in which unwanted material is removed from a workpiece rotated against a cutting tool. Lathes are among the oldest and most important machine tools, used in France from 1569 and important in the Industrial Revolution in England, when they were adapted for metal cutting (see H. Maudslay). Lathes (usually called engine lathes) today have a power-driven, variable-speed horizontal spindle to which the workholding device is attached. Operations include turning straight or tapered cylindrical shapes, grooves, shoulders, and screw threads and facing flat surfaces on the ends of cylindrical parts. Internal cylindrical operations include most of the common hole-machining operations, such as drilling, boring, reaming, counterboring, countersinking, and threading with a single-point tool or tap. See also boring machine.


oats
Hardy cereal plant (Avena sativa), cultivated in temperate regions, that is able to live in poor soil. The edible starchy grain is used primarily as livestock feed, but is also processed into rolled oats and oat flour for human consumption. High in carbohydrates, oats also provide protein, fat, calcium, iron, and B vitamins. Oat straw is used for animal feed and bedding.


-->Path\u00e9

French film executive. In 1896 he and his brother \u00c9 mile founded Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8 res, which distributed T. Edison's Kinetoscope viewing device to French theaters. The firm entered film production using the camera developed by the Lumi\u00e8 re brothers. In 1909 Path\u00e9 produced his first "long film," Les mis\u00e9 rables, and launched the Path\u00e9 Gazette, an internationally popular newsreel that ran until 1956. In 1914 Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8 res released the first episodes of The Perils of Pauline, one of the earliest screen serials. With facilities throughout the world, Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8 res dominated the film market in the early 20th cent., and it remained a film distributor after Charles's retirement in 1929.


asthma
Chronic disease with attacks of shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing from constriction and mucous-membrane swelling in the bronchi (air passageways in the lungs). It is caused primarily by allergy or respiratory infection. Secondhand smoke can cause asthma in children. Asthma is common, ...

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