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Aswan
City (pop., 1992 est.: 220,000), SE Egypt. It lies on the Nile River just north of Lake Nasser. In ancient times it was the S frontier of pharaonic Egypt. Later known as Syene, it served as a frontier garrison post for the Romans, Turks, and British. Modern Aswan is located near the old Aswan Dam (completed 1902) and the Aswan High Dam.


Bashan
Ancient country, E Palestine. Frequently cited in the Old Testament and later important in the Roman empire, it was located in what is now Syria. In New Testament times, Bashan ranked as one of the great granaries of the Roman empire. One of its towns, Bozrah (Roman Bostra), was important to both Nabataea and Rome. Augustus made Herod the Great ruler of Bashan, and in AD 106 Trajan brought the whole Nabataean kingdom under the empire in creating the province of Arabia, with Bostra as its capital. The country went into decline in the 7th cent. as Muslims took over the area.


Bassano
Italian painter. He was the most celebrated member of a family of artists from the small town of Bassano, near Venice, where he worked for most of his life. He trained with Bonifacio de' Pitati in Venice and was influenced by other Venetian painters. He became known for his biblical themes, lush landscapes, and rustic scenes. Four painter sons continued the Bassano workshop tradition: Francesco (1549-1592), Leandro (1557-1622) (both of whom worked in the workshop's Venetian branch), Giovanni Battista (1553-1613), and Gerolamo (1566-1621). Many products of the workshop were collaborative efforts.


Hasan
Grandson of Muhammad, the elder son of Muhammad's daughter Fatima. He is one of the five most revered persons in the Shiite branch of Islam. After the murder of his father Ali in 661, he was seen by many as the Prophet's rightful heir. When Muawiyah I opposed Hasan's succession and began to prepare for war, Hasan raised an army to meet him. Plagued by defections, however, he opened peace negotiations within the year and abandoned the caliphate to his opponent. For the rest of his life he lived quietly in Medina.


Oakland
City (pop., 1996 est.: 367,000), W California, on the E side of San Francisco Bay. Settled by the Spanish in 1820, it was incorporated as a city in 1854. In 1869 it was chosen as the terminus of the first transcontinental railroad, which led to the development of its deepwater port. It suffered damage and loss of life in the earthquake of 1989, which also damaged the Bay Bridge that connects it with San Francisco. Lake Merritt, near the central business district, is a wildfowl refuge surrounded by parkland. Several colleges are located there.


ocean
Large, continuous body of salt water. Ocean covers nearly 71% of the earth's surface and is divided into major oceans and smaller seas. The three principal oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian, are largely delimited by land and submarine topographic ...

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