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Harsa
Ruler of a large empire in N India 606-47. He was a Buddhist convert in a Hindu era. He brought what is now Uttar Pradesh and parts of Punjab and Rajasthan under his hegemony, but he contented himself with tribute and homage and never built a centralized empire. His chroniclers, incl. the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, describe him as benevolent and energetic. He set up institutions to benefit the poor and the sick and established the first diplomatic relations between India and China (641). A patron of men of learning, he was himself a poet.


Larsa
Ancient capital of Babylonia, located on the Euphrates River in present-day S Iraq. It was founded in prehistoric times, and it flourished in a period of Sumerian decline, c.2000-c.1760 B.C., when long-distance trade connected the Euphrates with the Indus valley. Hammurabi of Babylon gained control of the area in 1763 BC.


Mars
Ancient Roman god of war and protector of Rome, second only to Jupiter in importance. His festivals occurred in the spring (March) and fall (October). Until the time of Augustus, Mars had only two temples in Rome. His sacred spears were kept in a sanctuary; on the outbreak of war, the consul had to shake the spears, saying "Mars vigila!" ("Mars, awake!") Under Augustus, Mars became not only the guardian of Rome in its military affairs but the emperor's personal guardian. He was identified with the Greek god Ares.

Fourth planet from the sun, named after the Roman god of war. Its mean distance from the sun is 141 million mi (228 million km); its day is 24.6 earth hours and its year about 687 earth days. It has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. Mars's mean diameter is 4,244 mi (6,790 km), about half that of earth, and it is less dense than earth. Its mass is about one-tenth of earth's and its surface gravity is about one-third as strong as earth's. No magnetic field has been detected on Mars, suggesting, as does its low density, the absence of a substantial metallic core. Like earth, it has seasons and an atmosphere, but its mean surface temperature is only -9° F (-23° C). Mars's thin atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide, with some nitrogen and argon and traces of water vapor. Images obtained by spacecraft of the Mariner, Viking, and later missions show a cratered surface, similar to the moon's, with volcanoes, extensive lava plains, channels and canyons, and remnants of landslides, many large by earth standards; Olympus Mons, for example, is the largest known volcano in the solar system. Wind is an important element on Mars, occasionally causing global dust storms and forming deposits such as dunes and crater streaks. No life-forms have been detected on the planet.

Ancient Roman god of war and protector of Rome, second only to Jupiter in importance. His festivals occurred in the spring (March) and fall (October). Until the time of Augustus, Mars had only two temples in Rome. His sacred spears were kept in a sanctuary; ...

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