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Amman
City (pop., 1994 est.: 963,000), capital of Jordan. It lies 25 mi (40 km) northeast of the Dead Sea. Amman is by far the largest city of Jordan. Fortified settlements have existed in the area from remote antiquity; the earliest date from the Chalcolithic period (c.4000-3000 BC). As Rabbah, it became the capital of the Ammonites. It was conquered by Egypt's Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who renamed it Philadelphia, a name retained through Roman times. Taken by the Arabs in AD 635, it later went into decline and subsequently disappeared. In 1878 the Ottoman Turks resettled it. When the British set up Transjordan in 1921, Amman became its capital. Its modern development was furthered by Jordanian independence in 1946. Amman has since often had to deal with refugee problems exacerbated by the continuing unrest between Israelis and Palestinians.


Arjan
Fifth Guru of the Sikhs (1581-1606) and its first martyr. He compiled the volume of Sikh scripture on which the Adi Granth is based, and he completed the Golden Temple at Amritsar. The first Guru to serve as both temporal and spiritual head of Sikhism, he built up Amritsar as a commercial center and enlarged missionary efforts. He was also a prolific poet and writer of hymns. He prospered under the tolerant Mughal emperor Akbar, but was tortured to death by Akbar's successor for not altering the Adi Granth to remove passages that gave offense to Hinduism or Islam.


Armagnac
Small territory in historical Gascony, SW France. Some of the area was part of the Roman province of Aquitania. From c.960 it was the separate countship of Armagnac, and grew to occupy a buffer zone between lands controlled by the French kings (Toulouse) and those controlled by the English (Guienne). It led the resistance to the English king Henry V's invasion of France, but suffered a setback at the Battle of Agincourt. First annexed to France in 1497, it returned finally by descent through the Navarre family in 1607. Again a countship from 1645, it was dissolved in 1789. Long known for its viticulture, it produces the famous Armagnac brandy.


Armani
Italian fashion designer. He abandoned medical school and worked as a buyer for a department store (1957-64) before training as a fashion designer. In 1974-75 he introduced his own label of ready-to-wear for men and women. In 1980-81 he founded Giorgio Armani USA, Emporio Armani, and Armani Jeans, and in 1989 he opened shops in London. He was a leader in the pared-down, unstructured silhouette in menswear and was responsible for the wide-shouldered look for executive women. His designs are often characterized by understated glamour and luxurious fabrics suitable for urban life.


Aryan
Prehistoric people that settled in Iran and N India. In the 19th cent. there arose a notion, propagated by the Comte de Gobineau and later by his disciple H. S. Chamberlain, of an "Aryan race": people who spoke ...

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