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Ailey
U.S. dancer and choreographer. Born in Rogers, Texas, he moved to Los Angeles in 1942, where he studied dance and choreography (1949-54). He then moved to New York, where he performed in various theatrical productions. In 1958 he founded the Alvin Ailey Amer. Dance Theater, composed primarily of blacks. The numerous works he choreographed for the company included its signature Revelations (1960), set to black spirituals. From the 1960s to the 1980s the company toured worldwide, making Ailey one of the best-known U.S. choreographers. After his death from AIDS, J. Jamison assumed the title of artistic director of the company.


barley
Cereal plant of the genus Hordeum, in the family Poaceae (or Gramineae), and its edible grain. The three cultivated species are Hordeum vulgare, H. distichum, and H. irregulare. Barley is adaptable to a greater range of climate than any other cereal. About half of the world's crop is used as livestock feed, the rest for human food and for malting. Most beer is made from malted barley, which is also used in distilled beverages (see malt). Barley has a nutlike flavor and is high in carbohydrates, with moderate quantities of protein, calcium, and phosphorus. Barley flour is used to make unleavened bread and porridge. Pearl barley, the most popular form in many parts of the world, is often added to soups.


galley
Large seagoing vessel propelled primarily by oars. The Egyptians, Cretans, and other ancient peoples used sail-equipped galleys for war and commerce. The Phoenicians apparently introduced the bireme (c.700 BC), which had two banks of oars staggered on either side. The Greeks first built the trireme c.500 BC. War galleys would cruise in columns, usually several abreast, and would engage the enemy as a phalanx, again abreast. A galley could also confront the enemy with its bow, which was equipped with a ram, grappling irons, and missile-hurling devices. Invention of the lateen (fore-and-aft) sail and the stern rudder rendered the galley obsolete for commerce, but its greater maneuverability maintained its military importance into the 16th cent. See also longship.


Hakluyt
British geographer. A clergyman, he gave public lectures and became the first professor of modern geography at Oxford Univ. He became acquainted with the most important sea captains and merchants of England, and took on the role of publicist for explorers. In 1583 he was sent to Paris as chaplain to the English ambassador and also served as an intelligence officer, collecting information on the Canadian fur trade and on other overseas enterprises. His major publication, The principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English nation (1589), described the early English voyages to N. America. After 1600 he advised Elizabeth I on colonial affairs, and in 1612 he became a charter member of the Northwest Passage Co.


Halley
English astronomer and ...

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