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Possible definitions for ninth
Bentham
British social and political theorist. Precociously brilliant, he graduated from Oxford at 15. He was an atheist and an exponent of the new laissez-faire economics of A. Smith and D. Ricardo. The first great exponent of utilitarianism, he wrote that government should promote "the greatest happiness." He inspired much reform legislation, especially prison reform, and was a vocal advocate of democracy, though he attacked notions of the social contract and natural law as superfluous. Believing society could advance by calculation of pleasure and pain, he tried to compare the relative gratifications of health, wealth, power, friendship, and benevolence, as well as those of "irascible appetite" and "antipathy." He thought of punishment purely as a deterrent, and graded offenses solely by the harm they did to happiness. He helped found the radical Westminster Review (1823). He willed that his clothed skeleton be exhibited permanently at University College London.
Dilthey
German philosopher of history. Opposed to holding the methods of the natural sciences as the ideal, he tried to establish the humanities--history, philosophy, religion, psychology, art, literature, law, politics, and economics--as interpretive sciences in their own right. He held that the essence of human beings cannot be grasped by introspection, but only from a knowledge of all of history. His major work was Introduction to Human Science (1883); two influential essays are "Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytical Psychology" (1894) and "The Structure of the Historical World in the Human Sciences" (1910). His work has influenced the study of literature.
finch
Any of several hundred species of small, conical-billed, seed-eating songbirds (in several families), incl. the bunting, canary, cardinal, chaffinch, crossbill, Darwin's (Galá pagos) finch, goldfinch, grass finch, grosbeak, sparrow, and weaver. Finches are small, compact birds 3-10 in. (10-27 cm) long. Most use their heavy bill to crack seeds; many also eat insects. Many finches are brightly colored, often with shades of red and yellow. Found throughout the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere and S. America and in parts of Africa, finches are among the dominant birds in many areas, both in numbers of individuals and species. They are often kept as singing cage birds.
inch
Unit of measure equal to 1/36 yard, and since 1959 defined officially as 2.54 cm (see meter). David I of Scotland (c.1150) defined the inch as the breadth of a man's thumb at the base of the nail; usually the thumb breadths of three men--one small, one medium, and one large--were added and then divided by three. During the reign of England's Edward II, the inch was defined as "three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end lengthwise." At various times it has also been defined as the combined lengths of 12 poppyseeds. See also foot, International System of ...
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