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Nanak
Indian founder of Sikhism. Born into a Hindu merchant caste, he worked as a storekeeper until a spiritual experience caused him to leave his job and family and begin a 20-year phase of travel. He eventually settled in Kartarpur, a village in Punjab, to which he attracted many disciples, and became the first Guru of the Sikhs. His doctrine stressed the unity and uniqueness of God and offered salvation through disciplined meditation on the divine name. It stipulated that meditation must be inward, and rejected all external aids such as idols, temples, mosques, scriptures, and set prayers. After his death, the stories told of his life were collected in the anthologies called the Janam-sakhis.


Adana
City (pop., 1995: 1,066,000), S central Turkey, on the Seyhan River. An agricultural and industrial center and one of Turkey's largest cities, it probably overlies a Hittite settlement that dates from c.1400 BC. Conquered by Alexander the Great in 335-334 BC, it was later a Roman military station. It came under the rule of the Abbasid Arabs at the end of the 7th cent. AD and changed hands intermittently until the establishment of the Turkmen dynasty in 1378. Adana's prosperity has long derived from the fertile valleys behind it and its position as a bridgehead on the Anatolian-Arabian trade routes.


Anna
Empress of Russia (1730-40). After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council, Russia's actual ruling body, offered Anna the throne (as the daughter of Ivan V) if she agreed to conditions placing the real power in the council's hands. She initially agreed but later tore up the conditions, abolished the council, and reestablished the autocracy, countenancing a severely repressive regime. She occupied herself primarily with extravagant amusements and relied on her lover, Ernst Johann Biron (1690-1772), and a group of German advisers to manage the state. Shortly before her death, Anna named as her successor her grand-nephew Ivan (later Ivan VI).


Annaba
Seaport (pop., 1987: 223,000), NE Algeria. Identified with the port of ancient Hippo (or Hippo Regius) to the south, it was a rich city of Roman Africa until c.AD 300. It was home to St. Augustine 396-430. Severely damaged by the Vandals in 431, it was rebuilt by the Arabs in the 7th cent. and named Bona. It was occupied by the French in 1832 when they took over the area. Modern Annaba is Algeria's chief exporter of minerals; it also serves as a trading port and port of call.


Annam
Historic kingdom, E Vietnam. The area was conquered c.200 BC by the Chinese, who gave it its name (which has never been used by the indigenous inhabitants). It became independent in the 15th cent. AD, opening the way for steady Vietnamese movement toward the Mekong River delta. When Vietnam was united in 1802, the city of Hue became the capital, and the area was ruled by the emperor of Annam. Central Vietnam gradually came under ...

Top words beginning with N: nonveteran, nonclassable, nucleopetal, nondisjunctive, nematogone, neoblastic, noirs, nonfuel, nonvortically, norlands, nephrogonaduct, navaho, netherlands, nabalite, niggler, narcotical, nondisagreement, neafie, neuhauser, nicotinamidase

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