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Ananda
First cousin and disciple of the Buddha. A monk who served as the Buddha's personal attendant, he became known as the "beloved disciple." It was Ananda who persuaded the Buddha to allow women to become nuns. By tradition, he was the only intimate disciple of the Buddha who had not attained enlightenment before his master's death; he attained that state just before the first Buddhist Council (c.544 or 480 BC), when he recited from memory the Sutta Pitaka. He is represented as the author of several Buddhist discourses.


NAACP
Oldest and largest U.S. civil-rights organization. It was founded in 1909 to secure political, educational, social, and economic equality for blacks; W. E. B. Du Bois and I. Wells were among its 60 founders. Its most successful efforts have been lawsuits, political activity, and public-education programs. In 1939 it organized the independent Legal Defense and Education Fund as its legal arm, which sued for school desegregation in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954). During World War II it pressed for desegregation of the armed forces, which was achieved in 1948. In 1967 its general counsel, T. Marshall, became the U.S. Supreme Court's first black justice.


Nanak
Indian founder of Sikhism. Born into a Hindu merchant caste, he worked as a storekeeper until a spiritual experience caused him to leave his job and family and begin a 20-year phase of travel. He eventually settled in Kartarpur, a village in Punjab, to which he attracted many disciples, and became the first Guru of the Sikhs. His doctrine stressed the unity and uniqueness of God and offered salvation through disciplined meditation on the divine name. It stipulated that meditation must be inward, and rejected all external aids such as idols, temples, mosques, scriptures, and set prayers. After his death, the stories told of his life were collected in the anthologies called the Janam-sakhis.


Akan
Cluster of peoples inhabiting S Ghana, E Ivory Coast, and parts of Togo. Their languages are of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. In the 14th-18th cent. several Akan states, notably the Fante confederacy and the Ashanti empire, formed in regions where gold was produced and traded. Today many of the Akan, who number about 5 million, work in urban districts.


Anath
Chief W. Semitic goddess of love and war, sister and helpmate to the Baal, whom she retrieved from the land of the dead. One of the best known of Canaanite deities, she was famous for her youthful vigor and ferocity in battle. In Egypt she was depicted nude holding flowers and standing on a lion. During the Hellenistic Age, Anath and Astarte were merged into Atargatis.


Anna
Empress of Russia (1730-40). After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council, Russia's actual ruling body, offered Anna the throne (as the daughter of Ivan V) if she agreed to conditions placing the real power in the ...

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