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Mon
People thought to have originated in W China and currently living in the E delta region of Myanmar and in W-central Thailand. They have lived in their present area for the last 1,200 years and brought Myanmar its writing (Pali) and its religion (Buddhism). Rice and teak are their most important agricultural products. Today they number more than 1.1 million. See also Dvaravati, Mon kingdom.


Monet
French Impressionist landscape painter. Monet spent his early years in Le Havre, where his first teacher, E. Boudin, taught him to paint in the open air. Moving to Paris, he formed lifelong friendships with other young painters, incl. A. Renoir, A. Sisley, and P. Cé zanne, who were also to become leading Impressionists. An early Monet canvas, Impression: soleil levant, shown at the first Impressionist Exhibition in 1874, gave its name to the movement of which he was the leader. Restless by nature, he painted outdoors around France (often at Argenteuil) and also in England, Venice, Holland, and elsewhere. In his mature works Monet developed his method of producing several studies of the same motif in series, changing canvases with the light or as his interest shifted. These series, incl. Haystacks (1891) and Rouen Cathedral (1894), were generally dated and were often exhibited together. In the garden at his home in Giverny, Monet created the water-lily pond that inspired his most famous works, the lyrical Nymphé as (water lilies) paintings. His work exerted huge influence internationally, and he is regarded as the emblematic representative of Impressionism.


money
Commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is the medium in which prices and values are expressed; it circulates from person to person and country to country, thus facilitating trade. Throughout history various commodities have been used as money, incl. seashells, beads, and cattle, but since the 17th cent. the most common forms have been metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries. In standard economic theory, money is held to have four functions: to serve as a medium of exchange universally accepted in return for goods and services; to act as a measure of value, making possible the operation of the price system and the calculation of cost, profit, and loss; to serve as a standard of deferred payments, the unit in which loans are made and future transactions are fixed; and to provide a means of storing wealth not immediately required for use. Metals, especially gold and silver, have been used for money for at least 4,000 years; standardized coins have been minted for perhaps 2,600 years. In the late 18th and early 19th cent., banks began to issue notes redeemable in gold or silver, which became the principal money of industrial economies. Temporarily during World War I and permanently from the 1930s, most nations abandoned the gold standard. To most individuals today, money consists of coins, ...

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