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Bert
French physiologist, founder of modern aerospace medicine. He taught many years at the Sorbonne, and served as a deputy in the government 1872-86. His research on the effects of air pressure on the body helped make possible the exploration of space and the ocean depths. Bert found the main cause of altitude sickness to be low atmospheric oxygen content and showed decompression sickness to be due to nitrogen bubbles formed in the blood during rapid drops in external pressure.


Beust
German statesman. A career diplomat in Saxony from 1830, he served as its foreign minister 1849-53 and its interior minister 1853-66. Often opposed to O. von Bismarck, Beust was forced to resign in 1866. He was then appointed by Saxony's ally and Habsburg emperor Francis Joseph as the Austrian minister for foreign affairs (1866) and imperial chancellor (1867-71). As chancellor Beust negotiated the Compromise of 1867 and helped restore the Habsburgs' international position. He later served as ambassador to London (1871-78) and Paris (1878-82).


court
In architecture, an outdoor room surrounded by buildings or walls. Courts have existed in all civilizations from the earliest recorded times. The small garden court (atrium) of a Roman house was the center of domestic activity. In medieval Europe the court was a feature of all major residential buildings, as the cloister of a monastery, ward of a castle, or quadrangle of a college. A courtyard is often a utilitarian court (as for stables).

Official assembly with judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures (courts in an architectural sense) where the judges sat, while lawyers and the general public had to remain outside a bar (hence the term bar in legal contexts). Modern British courts are divided into those trying criminal cases and those trying civil cases; a second distinction is made between inferior courts, or courts of first instance, and superior courts, or courts of appeal. In the U.S., each state has its own comprehensive system of courts, usually consisting of a superior (appellate) court, trial courts of general jurisdiction, and specialized courts (e.g., probate courts). The U.S. also has a system of federal courts, established to adjudicate distinctively national questions and cases not appropriately tried in state courts. At the apex of the national system is the U.S. Supreme Court. The secondary level consists of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. U.S. District Courts form the tertiary level. Crimes committed by military figures may be tried in a court-martial, and in the past ecclesiastical courts also had broad jurisdiction. See also International Court of Justice, judiciary.

In architecture, an outdoor room surrounded by buildings or walls. Courts have existed in all civilizations from the earliest recorded times. The small garden court (atrium) of a Roman house was the center of ...

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