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Dahl
British writer. A fighter pilot during World War II, he began his writing career when C. S. Forester encouraged him to write about his combat adventures, which were published by the Saturday Evening Post. The short-story collection Someone Like You (1953) was a best-seller; his later stories, many published in the New Yorker, often include bizarre or supernatural elements. His popular children's books James and the Giant Peach (1961) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) were made into films.


Jahn
German educator who founded the Turnverein (gymnastic club) movement in Germany. As a teacher in Berlin from 1809, he began a program of outdoor exercise for students. He invented the parallel bars, rings, balance beam, horse, and horizontal bar, all of which have become standard equipment for gymnastics. In 1819 he came under suspicion for his fervent nationalism and strong influence on youth. He was arrested and imprisoned for almost a year; his gymnastic club closed, and a national ban was placed on gymnastics (lifted in 1842).


Maat
In ancient Egyptian religion, the personification of truth, justice, and the cosmic order. Maat was the daughter of Re, the sun god, and she stood at the head of his bark as it traveled through the sky and the underworld. She was also associated with Thoth, god of wisdom. The judgment of the dead was believed to be determined by the weighing of the heart of the deceased in a scale she balanced. In its abstract sense, maat was the divine order established at creation and reaffirmed at the accession of each new king of Egypt.


Mach
Austrian physicist and philosopher. After earning a doctorate in physics in 1860, he taught at the Univs. of Vienna and Graz as well as Charles Univ. in Prague. Interested in the psychology and physiology of sensation, in the 1860s he discovered the physiological phenomenon known as Mach's bands, the tendency of the human eye to see bright or dark bands near the boundaries between areas of sharply differing illumination. He later studied movement and acceleration and developed optical and photographic techniques for measuring sound waves and wave propagation. In 1887 he established the principles of supersonics and the Mach number, the ratio of the velocity of an object to the velocity of sound. He also proposed the theory of inertia known as Mach's principle. In Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations (1886), he asserted that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience or observation.


Maes
Dutch painter. A native of Dordrecht, he went to Amsterdam c.1650 to study with Rembrandt. Before his return to Dordrecht in 1653 he painted a few life-size Rembrandtesque genre scenes. From 1655 to 1660 he painted smaller domestic scenes, usually of women spinning, eavesdropping, reading the Bible, or cooking. In 1673 he moved permanently to Amsterdam and devoted himself to portraiture, ...

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