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amban
(Manchu: "minister") Representative of China's Qing emperor who lived in the territory of a tributary state or dependency. In 1793 the Qing emperor Qianlong changed the procedure for selecting the Dalai Lama, and the Tibetans had to persuade the amban that they had complied. In 1904, when the British were trying to force Tibet to sign a trade treaty, the amban said he was powerless to negotiate for the Tibetans, an admission that called into question the degree of control China exercised over Tibet. The ambans' role and authority continues to be debated by the Chinese government and advocates of Tibetan independence in the attempt to support their conflicting claims for Tibet's status.
cabaret
Restaurant that serves liquor and offers light musical entertainment. The cabaret originated in France in the 1880s as a small club that presented amateur acts and satiric skits lampooning bourgeois conventions. The first German Kabarett was opened in Berlin c.1900 by Baron Ernst von Wolzogen and accompanied its musical acts with biting political satire. It became the center for underground political and literary expression and a showcase for the works of such social critics as B. Brecht and K. Weill, a decadent but fertile artistic milieu later portrayed in the musical Cabaret (1966). The English cabaret derived from concerts given in city taverns in the 18th-19th cent. and evolved into the music hall. In the U.S., the cabaret developed into the nightclub, where comedians, singers, or musicians performed. Small jazz and folk clubs and, later, comedy clubs evolved from the original cabaret.
Gabar
Derogatory name applied to the Zoroastrian minority of Iran. The word may derive from the Arabic kafir ("infidel"). After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th cent. BC, the Zoroastrians became an outcast minority, saddled with many social and economic disabilities. Since the 19th cent. they have received support from their coreligionists, the Parsis of India. Persecuted after the Islamic fundamentalist revolution of 1978-79, they currently number a few thousand.
Laban
Hungarian modern-dance teacher, inventor of the Labanotation system of dance notation. After studying dance in Paris, he opened his Choreographic Institute in Zurich in 1915 and later founded branches in Italy, France, and central Europe. He worked in Germany 1919-37, and was ballet director of the Berlin State Opera 1930-34. In 1928 he published his method for recording all forms of human motion, which enabled choreographers to record the dancer's steps and other body movements, incl. their rhythm. In 1938 he joined his former pupil K. Jooss teaching dance in England, where he later formed the Art of Movement Studio. His system was further developed and maintained at centers in Essen (Germany) and New York.
Maat
In ancient Egyptian religion, the personification of truth, justice, and the cosmic ...
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