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Ashari
Muslim Arab theologian. Born at Basra, Iraq, he probably belonged to the family of Abu Musa al-Ashari, one of the Companions of the Prophet. He joined the Mutazila school and compiled scholarly opinions in his Maqalat al-Islamiyin ("Theological Opinions of the Muslims"). At about age 40 he concluded that his method had led to sterile concepts of God and humanity, and turned to more orthodox theology. He expanded his Maqalat and authored Kitab al-Luma ("The Luminous Book"). Reflecting on the ideas of al-Muhasibi and others, he created his own school, which became known as the Khorasan or Asharite school. See also Ashariya.
Bacharach
U.S. songwriter and pianist. He was born in Kansas City, the son of a syndicated fashion columnist. He studied under D. Milhaud, B. Martinu, and H. Cowell. In the 1950s he wrote arrangements for Steve Lawrence and Vic Damone, and later toured with M. Dietrich. In the late 1950s he began his long association with lyricist Hal David (b.1921), which would produce many hits especially for Dionne Warwick (b.1940), incl. "Walk On By," "I Say a Little Prayer," and "Do You Know the Way to San Jose?" He and David collaborated on the successful musical Promises, Promises (1968).
Cathari
Heretical Christian sect that flourished in Western Europe in the 12th-13th cent. The Cathari adhered to the dualist belief that the material world is evil and that humans must renounce the world to free their spirits, which are good and long for communion with God. Jesus was seen as an angel whose human suffering and death were an illusion. Followers divided themselves into the "perfect," who had to maintain the highest moral standards, and ordinary "believers," of whom less was expected. By 1200 they had established 11 bishoprics in France and Italy. In an effort to stamp out their heresy, Pope Innocent III declared the Albigensian Crusade, in which the populace in Cathar regions was indiscriminately massacred. Persecution through the Inquisition, sanctioned by St. Louis IX, was even more effective, and when the Cathar stronghold of Monts\u00e9 gur fell in 1244, most Cathari fled to Italy. The movement disappeared in the 15th cent.
Eucharist
Christian rite commemorating the Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples. On the night before his death, Jesus consecrated bread and wine and gave them to his disciples, saying "this is my body" and "this is my blood." A central rite of Christian worship, the Eucharist involves consecration of bread and wine by the clergy and their consumption by worshipers. Intended as a means of fostering unity in the church, it has also been a source of division because of differing interpretations of its nature. In Roman Catholicism the Eucharist is a sacrament, and the bread and wine are thought to become the actual body and blood of Jesus through transubstantiation. Anglicans and Lutherans also emphasize the divine presence in the ...
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