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Akbar
Greatest of the Mughal emperors (see Mughal dynasty) of India (r.1556-1605). Akbar, whose ancestors included Timur and Genghis Khan, ascended the throne as a youth. Initially his rule extended only over the Punjab and the area around Delhi. The Rajput raja of Amber (Jaipur) acknowledged his suzerainty in 1562, and other Rajput rajas followed suit. Akbar included Rajput princes and other Hindus in the highest ranks of his government and reduced discrimination against non-Muslims. He continued his conquests, taking Gujarat in the west (1573) and Bengal in the east (annexed in 1576). Toward the end of his reign he conquered Kashmir (1586) and moved south into the Deccan. Administratively, he strengthened central power, establishing that all military officers and civil administrators were to be appointed by the emperor. He encouraged scholars, poets, painters, and musicians, making his court a center of culture. He had Sanskrit classics translated into Persian and was enthusiastic about the European paintings presented to him by Jesuit missionaries. His reign was often portrayed as a model by later governments--strong, benevolent, tolerant, and enlightened. See also Babur.


bard
Celtic tribal poet-singers gifted in composing and reciting verses of eulogy and satire or of heroes and their deeds. The institution died out in Gaul but survived in Ireland, where bards have preserved a tradition of chanting poetic eulogy, and in Wales, where the bardic order was codified into distinct grades in the 10th cent. Despite a decline in the late Middle Ages, the Welsh tradition is celebrated in the annual National Eisteddfod.


Bayard
U.S. statesman, diplomat, and lawyer. Born in Wilmington, Del., to a family prominent in Delaware politics, he succeeded his father in the U.S. Senate (1869-85). He served as secretary of state 1885-89 and as ambassador to Britain 1893-97, the first to hold that title. A champion of arbitration, he was critical of the aggressive position of Pres. G. Cleveland in the dispute with Britain over the Venezuelan boundary (1895).


cabaret
Restaurant that serves liquor and offers light musical entertainment. The cabaret originated in France in the 1880s as a small club that presented amateur acts and satiric skits lampooning bourgeois conventions. The first German Kabarett was opened in Berlin c.1900 by Baron Ernst von Wolzogen and accompanied its musical acts with biting political satire. It became the center for underground political and literary expression and a showcase for the works of such social critics as B. Brecht and K. Weill, a decadent but fertile artistic milieu later portrayed in the musical Cabaret (1966). The English cabaret derived from concerts given in city taverns in the 18th-19th cent. and evolved into the music hall. In the U.S., the cabaret developed into the nightclub, where comedians, singers, or musicians performed. Small jazz and folk ...

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