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Akbar
Greatest of the Mughal emperors (see Mughal dynasty) of India (r.1556-1605). Akbar, whose ancestors included Timur and Genghis Khan, ascended the throne as a youth. Initially his rule extended only over the Punjab and the area around Delhi. The Rajput raja of Amber (Jaipur) acknowledged his suzerainty in 1562, and other Rajput rajas followed suit. Akbar included Rajput princes and other Hindus in the highest ranks of his government and reduced discrimination against non-Muslims. He continued his conquests, taking Gujarat in the west (1573) and Bengal in the east (annexed in 1576). Toward the end of his reign he conquered Kashmir (1586) and moved south into the Deccan. Administratively, he strengthened central power, establishing that all military officers and civil administrators were to be appointed by the emperor. He encouraged scholars, poets, painters, and musicians, making his court a center of culture. He had Sanskrit classics translated into Persian and was enthusiastic about the European paintings presented to him by Jesuit missionaries. His reign was often portrayed as a model by later governments--strong, benevolent, tolerant, and enlightened. See also Babur.
cabaret
Restaurant that serves liquor and offers light musical entertainment. The cabaret originated in France in the 1880s as a small club that presented amateur acts and satiric skits lampooning bourgeois conventions. The first German Kabarett was opened in Berlin c.1900 by Baron Ernst von Wolzogen and accompanied its musical acts with biting political satire. It became the center for underground political and literary expression and a showcase for the works of such social critics as B. Brecht and K. Weill, a decadent but fertile artistic milieu later portrayed in the musical Cabaret (1966). The English cabaret derived from concerts given in city taverns in the 18th-19th cent. and evolved into the music hall. In the U.S., the cabaret developed into the nightclub, where comedians, singers, or musicians performed. Small jazz and folk clubs and, later, comedy clubs evolved from the original cabaret.
Gabar
Derogatory name applied to the Zoroastrian minority of Iran. The word may derive from the Arabic kafir ("infidel"). After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th cent. BC, the Zoroastrians became an outcast minority, saddled with many social and economic disabilities. Since the 19th cent. they have received support from their coreligionists, the Parsis of India. Persecuted after the Islamic fundamentalist revolution of 1978-79, they currently number a few thousand.
Kabir
Indian mystic and poet. A weaver who lived in Benares, he preached the essential oneness of all religions and was critical of both Hinduism and Islam for meaningless rites and mindless repetition. From Hinduism he accepted the ideas of reincarnation and the law of karma, but rejected idolatry, asceticism, and the caste system. From ...
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