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Kazan
City (pop., 1996 est.: 1,100,000), capital of the Tatarstan republic, W Russia. Located at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka rivers, it was founded in the 13th cent. by Mongols of the Golden Horde, and became the capital of an independent khanate in the 15th cent. In 1552 Ivan IV captured Kazan and subjugated the khanate. The city was burned in a revolt (1773-74), but after its reconstruction it grew in importance as a trading center, and by 1900 it was one of the chief manufacturing cities of Russia.

U.S. (Greek-born) stage and film director. At age 4 he emigrated to the U.S. with his family. An actor with the Group Theatre in 1932-39, he became a noted Broadway director with such plays as The Skin of Our Teeth (1942), All My Sons (1947), A Streetcar Named Desire (1947; film, 1951), Death of a Salesman (1949), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1952), J.B. (1958, Tony award), and Sweet Bird of Youth (1959). In 1947 he cofounded the Actors Studio. He was praised for his naturalistic style in such movies as A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), Gentleman's Agreement (1947, Academy Award), On the Waterfront (1954, Academy Award), and East of Eden (1955). Though bitterly attacked for his cooperation with the House Un-American Activities Committee in the early 1950s, he received an honorary Academy Award for lifetime achievement in 1999.


Laban
Hungarian modern-dance teacher, inventor of the Labanotation system of dance notation. After studying dance in Paris, he opened his Choreographic Institute in Zurich in 1915 and later founded branches in Italy, France, and central Europe. He worked in Germany 1919-37, and was ballet director of the Berlin State Opera 1930-34. In 1928 he published his method for recording all forms of human motion, which enabled choreographers to record the dancer's steps and other body movements, incl. their rhythm. In 1938 he joined his former pupil K. Jooss teaching dance in England, where he later formed the Art of Movement Studio. His system was further developed and maintained at centers in Essen (Germany) and New York.


Albania
Nation, W Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Area: 11,000 sq mi (28,700 sq km). Population (1992 est.): 3,400,000. Capital: Tiran\u00eb . Ethnic Albanians are the Ghegs and the Tosks. Language: Albanian (official). Religions: Islam; minority, Christianity (Greek Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism). Currency: lek. Albania may be divided into two major regions, a mountainous highland region and a W coastal lowland region that contains the country's agricultural lands and most of its population. It has a developing economy that until 1991 was shaped by a socialist system of state ownership. In 1992 the government introduced economic reforms encouraging a free-market economy. The Albanians are descended from the Illyrians, an ancient Indo-European people who lived in central Europe and migrated south by the beginning of the Iron Age (see Illyria). Of ...

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