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Jooss
German dancer, teacher, and choreographer whose dance dramas combined modern dance with ballet technique. After studying dance with R. Laban (1920-24), he established a school and company. He became ballet master at the Essen Opera House in 1930, where he choreographed his signature ballet, The Green Table (1932). Forced to leave Germany, he moved his school and company to England in 1934, and his renamed Ballets Jooss toured worldwide until disbanding in 1947. He returned in 1949 to Essen, where he continued to choreograph works that combined ballet and modern dance in an Expressionist style.
Boise
City (pop., 1996 est.: 153,000), capital of Idaho. The largest city in the state, it lies on the Boise River. Following the 1862 gold rush to the river basin, Ft. Boise was established in 1863, and a community developed to provide services for the mines. It became the capital of Idaho Territory in 1864, and of the state in 1890. Agricultural expansion and the growth of the lumber industry contributed to its rapid growth. Boise is the headquarters of the Boise National Forest.
bonsai
(Japanese: "tray planting") Living dwarf tree or trees; also, the art of training and growing them in containers. Bonsai specimens are ordinary trees and shrubs, not hereditary dwarfs; they are dwarfed by a system of pruning roots and branches and training branches by tying them with wire. The art originated in China but has been pursued and developed primarily by the Japanese. The direct inspiration for bonsai is found in nature, in trees that grow in harsh, rocky places and are dwarfed and gnarled throughout their existence. Prized characteristics are aged-looking trunk and branches and weathered-looking exposed upper roots. Bonsai may live for a century or more and are handed down from one generation to another as valued family possessions. Bonsai pots, usually earthenware and of variable shape, are carefully chosen to harmonize in color and proportion with the tree. A sizable bonsai industry exists as part of the nursery industry in Japan; California is home to a small-scale bonsai industry.
boyars
Upper class of medieval Russian society and state administration. In Kievan Rus (10th-12th cent.) the boyars belonged to the prince's retinue, holding posts in the army and civil administration and advising the prince in matters of state through a boyar council, or duma. In the 13th-14th cent., the boyars constituted a privileged class of rich landowners in NE Russia. In the 15th-17th cent., the boyars of Muscovy ruled the country along with the grand prince (later the czar) and legislated through the boyar council. Their importance declined in the 17th cent., and the title was abolished by Peter I in the early 18th cent.
Boyer
French-U.S. actor. After earning a philosophy degree from the Sorbonne, he made his stage debut in Paris in 1920. He became a popular romantic leading ...
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