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ballad
Form of short narrative folk song. Its distinctive style crystallized in Europe in the late Middle Ages as part of the oral tradition and has been preserved as a musical and literary form. The oral form has persisted as the folk ballad, and the written, literary ballad evolved from the oral tradition. The folk ballad typically tells a compact tale with deliberate starkness, using devices such as repetition to heighten effects. The modern literary ballad (e.g., those by W. H. Auden, B. Brecht, and E. Bishop) recalls in its rhythmic and narrative elements the traditions of folk balladry.


ballade
One of several fixed forms in French lyric poetry and song, cultivated particularly in the 14th-15th cents. It consists of three stanzas, all having the same rhyme scheme and identical final refrain lines, and a shortened final dedicatory stanza. The texts were often solemn and formal, containing elaborate symbolism and classical references. Though present in the poetry of many ages and regions, the ballade in its purest form was found only in France and England. Its precursors can be found in the songs of the troubadours and trouvè res.


Ballard
U.S. oceanographer and marine geologist. Born in Wichita, Kan., he grew up near San Diego, Cal. As a marine scientist at the Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Research Institution, he pioneered the use of deep-diving submersibles, participated in the first manned exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and discovered warm water springs and their unusual animal communities in the Galá pagos Rift. He is best known for his dramatic discovery of the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. Since then he has gone on to discover ships lost in battle during World War II.

British (Chinese-born) writer. Ballard spent four years of his childhood in a Japanese prison camp, an experience described in Empire of the Sun (1984; film, 1987). His science fiction is often set in ecologically unbalanced landscapes caused by decadent technological excess. His apocalyptic novels, often shockingly violent, include Crash (1973; film, 1996), Concrete Island (1974), and High Rise (1975). His later works include the short-story collection War Fever (1990) and the novels The Kindness of Women (1991) and Cocaine Nights (1998).


Bellamy
U.S. writer. A native of Chicopee Falls, Mass., Bellamy first became aware of the plight of the urban poor at 18 while studying in Germany. He engaged throughout his life in progressive causes and wrote several books reflecting his concerns, but is known chiefly for his utopian novel Looking Backward (1888), which describes the U.S. in the year 2000 as an ideal socialist state featuring cooperation, brotherhood, and industry geared to human need. It sold more a million copies; a sequel, Equality (1897), was less successful.


Borlaug
U.S. agricultural scientist and plant pathologist. Born in Cresco, Iowa, he earned his PhD ...

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