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Belarus
Republic, N central Europe. Area: 80,154 sq mi (207,599 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 10,360,000. Capital: Minsk. The population is mainly Belarusan, with Russian and Ukrainian minorities. Languages: Belarus, Russian (both official). Religion: predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy. Currency: ruble. The N part is crossed by the Western Dvina River; the Dnieper flows through its E portion; the south has extensive marshy areas along the Pripyat; the upper course of the Neman flows in the west; and the Bug forms part of the boundary with Poland in the southwest. The chief settlements, in addition to Minsk, are Homyel, Mahilyow, and Vitsyebsk. The economy is predominantly agricultural. It is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. While Belarusans share a distinct identity and language, they never previously enjoyed political sovereignty. The territory that is now Belarus underwent partition and changed hands often; as a result its history is entwined with its neighbors'. In medieval times the region was ruled by Lithuanians and Poles. Following the Third Partition of Poland it was ruled by Russia. After World War I, the W part was assigned to Poland and the E part became U.S.S.R. territory. After World War II, the Soviets expanded what had been the Belorussian S.S.R. by annexing more of Poland. Much of the area suffered contamination from the Chernobyl accident in 1986, forcing many to evacuate. Belarus declared its independence in 1991 and later joined the Commonwealth of Independent States. Amid increasing political turmoil in the 1990s, it proposed a union with Russia in 1997, which was still in debate at the start of the 21st cent.


Belasco
U.S. theatrical producer and playwright. Born in San Francisco, he acted with traveling companies before becoming a theater manager, first in San Francisco and later in New York (from 1880). An independent producer from 1890, he built his own theater in 1906; there he introduced changes in stage lighting, used realistic scenery, and demanded high production standards. He successfully fought against the monopolistic Theatrical Syndicate. He wrote or collaborated on numerous plays, incl. Madame Butterfly (1900) and The Girl of the Golden West (1905), which became operas by G. Puccini.


Calabar
City (pop., 1993 est.: 162,000), SE Nigeria. Lying along the Calabar River above its confluence with the Cross River, it was settled in the 17th cent. by the Efik, and became an important trading center for Europeans arriving on the African coast. After accepting British protection in 1884, it served as capital of a British protectorate until British administrative headquarters were moved to Lagos in 1906. With its natural harbor, it remains an important port.


Celan
Romanian poet who wrote in German. When Romania came under Nazi control during World War II, Celan, a Jew, was sent to a ...

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