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Possible definitions for iatih

ijtihad
In Islamic law, the analysis of problems not covered precisely in the Quran, the Hadith, or the scholarly consensus called the ijma. In the early Muslim scholarly community, every jurist had the right to exercise such original thinking, but the growth of legal schools prompted Sunni Muslim authorities to declare that the principal legal issues had been settled by the 10th cent. Shiite Muslims have always recognized ijtihad, and jurists considered learned enough for this kind of analysis have great authority. In the 20th cent., an attempt was made to restore ijtihad among Sunnis to help Islam adapt to the modern world.


Bath
City (pop., 1995 est.: 84,000), SW England. Situated on the Avon River, it was founded as Aquae Sulis by the Romans, who were attracted to its hot mineral springs. The Anglo-Saxons arrived in the 6th cent. AD, followed by the Normans c.1100. In the Middle Ages it was a prosperous center for the cloth trade. When the Roman baths were rediscovered in 1755, Bath had already revived as a spa; its popularity is reflected in the works of J. Austen, R. B. Sheridan, and T. Smollett. It was rebuilt and extended in the Palladian style during the 18th cent. Bath today retains many of its 18th-cent. structures.


batik
Method of dyeing textiles, principally cottons, in which patterned areas are covered with wax so that they will not receive color. Multicolored effects are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times, the initial pattern of wax being boiled off and another design applied before redyeing. Wax was applied with bamboo strips in Indonesia, where the technique originated. A small copper pot with a handle and narrow applicator spout for applying the wax came into use in Java by the mid-18th cent.; a wood-block wax applicator was developed in the 19th cent. Dutch traders imported the cloth and the technique to Europe. Today machines for applying wax in traditional Javanese patterns reproduce the same effects as the hand-dyeing process.


catch
English round, or simple vocal canon, for three or more unaccompanied voices. Catches were sung by men as a popular pastime in the 16th-19th cent. The increasingly intricate and clever interaction of the voices often produced comic and off-color verbal effects, especially in the late-17th-cent. Restoration period.


cation
Atom or group of atoms carrying a positive electric charge, indicated by a superscript plus sign after the chemical symbol. Cations in a liquid subjected to an electric field collect at the negative pole (cathode). Examples include sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and ammonium (NH4+; see ammonia). See also ion.


dating
In geology and archaeology, the process of determining an object's or event's place within a chronological scheme. Scientists may use either relative dating, in which items are sequenced on the basis of stratigraphic clues (see ...

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