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Batak
Several closely related ethnic groups of central Sumatra, Indonesia. The Batak are descendants of a powerful Proto-Malayan people who until 1825 lived in relative isolation in the highlands surrounding Lake Toba in Sumatra. They have their own written language. In their traditional religion, ancestors, plants, animals, and inanimate objects are considered to possess souls or spirits; today about a third of the 3.1 million Batak adhere to traditional beliefs, while the rest profess Christianity or Islam.


Fatah
Inverted acronym of Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (Palestine National Liberation Movement), which also means "opening" in Arabic. It was founded by Y. Arafat and Khalil al-Wazir in the late 1950s to free Palestine from Israeli control through guerrilla warfare. It eventually became the biggest group within the Palestine Liberation Organization and attacked Israeli interests worldwide. Originally based in Damascus, it moved its headquarters several times under pressure from sympathizers and foes alike. It gave up terrorism in 1993 when Arafat agreed to enter into talks with Israel for a political settlement of Palestinian issues.


iqta
In the Islamic Empire of the Caliphate, land-revenue rights granted to army officials for limited periods in lieu of a regular wage. It was established in the 9th cent. to relieve the state treasury when insufficient revenues made it difficult for the government to pay army salaries. The land originally belonged to non-Muslims, who were required to pay a special property tax; army officers were granted rights to the tax revenue, while the land itself remained in the hands of its owners. The system evolved in differing ways under the Seljuqs and the Il-Khans in Iran (r.1256-1353) and in Ayyubid Egypt.


Natal
Former province, SE Republic of S. Africa. The area was occupied for centuries by Bantu-speaking peoples. It was given the name Natal by V. da Gama when he sighted the harbor of Port Natal (now Durban) on Christmas Day (Portuguese, Natal) in 1497. The first European settlers arrived in 1824. In 1837 Afrikaners arrived in the interior and, after they defeated the Zulus there, established the Republic of Natal. Annexed by the British in 1843, it was extended by numerous acquisitions. During the S. African War, Natal was invaded by Afrikaner forces, which were checked by the British. In 1910 it became a province of the Union of S. Africa and in 1961, of the Republic of S. Africa. The fragmented, nonindependent black state, or homeland, of KwaZulu was later created within Natal, which was the scene of clashes by rival black factions (see African National Congress, Inkatha Freedom Party). After the S. African elections of 1994, the region was united to form the province of KwaZulu-Natal.

Seaport city (pop., 1991: 606,000), NE Brazil. It is situated near the mouth of the Potengi River, on the Atlantic coast. Founded by the ...

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