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Durkheim
French social scientist who developed a vigorous methodology combining empirical research with sociological theory, and is widely regarded as the founder of the French school of sociology. His sociological reflections, never remote from the moral philosophy he was schooled in, were first expressed in The Division of Labor in Society (1893) and Suicide (1897). In his view, ethical and social structures were endangered by technology and mechanization. The division of labor produced alienation among workers, and the increased prosperity of the late 19th cent. generated greed and passions that threatened the equilibrium of society. Durkheim drew attention to anomie, or social disconnectedness, and studied suicide as a decision to renounce life. Following the Dreyfus affair, he came to regard education and religion as the most potent means of reforming humanity and molding new social institutions. His Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915) is an anthropological study of the origins and functions of religion, which Durkheim saw as expressing the collective conscience of a society and producing social solidarity. He also wrote influential works on sociological method. He taught at the Universities of Bordeaux (1887-1902) and Paris (1902-17). See also M. Mauss.


hurdling
Track-and-field sport of running races over a series of obstacles called hurdles. Runners must remain in assigned lanes throughout a race, and, though they may knock hurdles down while running over them, they may do so only with a leg or foot, not a hand. Modern hurdlers use a sprinting style between hurdles, a double-arm forward thrust and exaggerated forward lean while clearing the hurdle, and then bring a trailing leg through at nearly a right angle to the body, enabling them to continue forward without breaking stride after clearing the hurdle. Hurdling distances are 110 m and 400 m for men and 100 m and 400 m for women.


Turkmen
Muslim people belonging to the SW branch of the Turkic linguistic group. They number more than 4.3 million; most live in Turkmenistan (formerly part of the Soviet Union) and adjacent parts of Central Asia, while others live in Turkey, N Iran, and Afghanistan, and there are pockets in N Iraq and Syria. Initially a nomadic pastoral people living in tent villages, those under Soviet rule took up agriculture. They have traditionally divided themselves by economic function, each division being headed by a khan.


turtle
Any of more than 250 species (order Chelonia) of reptiles having a bony shell overlaid with horny shields; found in most parts of the world. Turtles have existed for 200 million years, making them the oldest of all surviving reptiles. Most species are aquatic or semiaquatic; some are terrestrial. Turtles eat plants, animals, or both. They are toothless, have a horny beak, and range from less than 4 in. (10 cm) to more than 7 ft (2 m) long. They have sturdy, ...

Top words beginning with H: holostome, hirta, hesperetin, hyperbolize, hygroton, hypercathexis, hematologist, heckerism, hermite, highclass, haploid, hominies, hepatising, hypersensitized, hecuba, heartburning, hyperstrophic, homewreckers, hankow, herculanean

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