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Irving
City (pop., 1996 est.: 177,000), NE Texas. Established in 1903 and incorporated in 1914, the city developed into an industrial hub during the 1950s. A suburb of Dallas, it is the site of the Univ. of Dallas and the DeVry Institute of Technology as well as of Texas Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys professional football team.


mining
Excavation of materials from the earth's crust, incl. those of organic origin, such as coal and petroleum. Modern mining is costly and complicated. First, a mineral vein that can likely produce enough of the desired substance to justify the cost of extraction must be located. Then the size of the vein or deposit is determined, and mining engineers decide the best way to mine it. Excavating a mine and extracting mineral substances involve different combinations of drilling, blasting, hoisting, and hauling. Minerals are usually removed in trains of steel boxes drawn along tracks by an electric locomotive. A vital consideration in mining is how to ventilate the underground tunnels and caverns, to provide fresh air to miners and to disperse harmful gases.


Xining
City (pop., 1990: 552,000), capital of Qinghai province, W China. Located in a valley of the Huang River, on what was traditionally the main trade route from N China into Tibet, the region was a frontier county under the Han dynasty and again under the Sui and Tang. In 763 it was taken by Tibetans and called Ch'ing-t'ang-ch'eng. It was recovered by the Song dynasty in 1104 and renamed Xining (meaning "peace in the west"). It became an important religious center under the Tibetans, and Qinghai's largest lamasery was nearby. It was named provincial capital when Qinghai became an independent province in 1928. Its industries include leather processing plants and steelworks.

Top words beginning with G: genially, gigantically, gallonage, gummier, grisliest, generate, gaped, glycogenosis, glycoleucine, goodmanship, gnomonia, gradienter, genecologist, gametogenic, gilgai, gae, grouting, gurnard, gimcracky, gunebo

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