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Celts
Early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium BC to the 1st cent. BC spread over much of Europe. They were absorbed into the Roman empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. Early archaeological evidence (c.700 BC) comes from the Hallstatt site in Austria. People of this Iron Age culture controlled trade routes along the Rhô ne, Seine, Rhine, and Danube rivers. As they moved west, Hallstatt warriors introduced the use of iron, which helped them dominate other Celtic tribes. By the mid-5th cent. BC, the La Tè ne culture emerged along the Rhine and moved into E Europe and the British Isles. Celts sacked Rome c.390 BC and raided the whole peninsula, then settled south of the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) and menaced Rome until they were defeated in 225 BC. In the Balkans, they sacked Delphi in 279 BC but were defeated by the Aetolians. They crossed to Anatolia and looted until they were subdued by Attalus I c.230 BC. Rome controlled Cisalpine Gaul by 192, and in 124 took territory beyond the Alps. In Transalpine Gaul, from the Rhine and the Alps west, the Celts were pressed by Germanic tribes from the west and Romans from the south. By 58 Julius Caesar had begun campaigns to annex all of Gaul. Celtic settlement of Britain and Ireland is deduced from archaeological and linguistic evidence. The Celtic social system comprised a warrior aristocracy and freemen farmers; Druids, with magico-religious duties, ranked higher than warriors. They had a mixed farming economy. Their oral literary composition was highly developed, as was their art; they manufactured gold and silver jewelry, swords and scabbards, and shields inlaid with enamel.
Estes
U.S. psychologist. Born in In the 1940s he worked with B. F. Skinner on instrumental learning, and in 1950 he introduced stimulus sampling theory (SST), a model for describing learning mathematically. His later work has focused on "cognitive architectures." His works include Learning Theory and Mental Development (1970), Statistical Models in Behavioral Research (1991), and Classification and Cognition (1994). He has taught at Stanford, Rockefeller, and Harvard universities. In 1997 he received the National Medal of Science.
Gastein
Agreement between Austria and Prussia following their seizure of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark in 1864. The pact provided that Prussia was to administer Schleswig, Austria was to administer Holstein, and the emperor of Austria and king of Prussia were to be sovereign over the duchies. Both duchies were admitted to the Zollverein. Joint administration led to disputes that ended with Austria's defeat and expulsion from Germany in 1866. See also Schleswig-Holstein Question.
Geltzer
Russian prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet. She graduated from the Bolshoi Theater's ballet school in 1894 and joined the company, becoming prima ballerina in 1901. She was known for ...
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