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germanium
Chemical element with physical properties similar to silicon, used especially in semiconductor devices. Discovered in 1886, germanium became economically significant after 1945, when its semiconductor properties were put to use in electronics. It remains of primary importance in the manufacture of transistors and of components for other devices such as rectifiers and photocells. It is also used as a component of alloys, in phosphors for fluorescent lamps, and in the glasses of certain optical components, such as camera and microscope lenses.
Germany
Republic, N central Europe. Area: 137,828 sq mi (356,974 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 82,143,000. Capital: Berlin. The majority of the people are German. Language: German (official). Religions: Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism. Currency: deutsche mark. The land is generally flat in the north and hilly in the northeast and central region, rising to the Bavarian Alps in the south. The Rhine River basin dominates the central and W part of the country, while other important rivers are the Elbe, Danube, and Oder. It has a developed free-market economy largely based on services and manufacturing; it is one of the richest countries in the world. Exports include motor vehicles and iron and steel products. The chief of state is the president, while the head of government is the chancellor. Federal power is centered in the bicameral Parliament. Germanic tribes entered Germany c.2nd cent. BC, displacing the Celts. The Romans failed to conquer the region, which only became a political entity with the division of the Carolingian empire in the 9th cent. AD. The monarchy's control was weak, and power increasingly devolved upon the nobility, organized in feudal states. The monarchy was restored under Saxon rule in the 10th cent., and the Holy Roman Empire, centering on Germany and N Italy, was revived. Continuing conflict between the Holy Roman emperors and the Roman Catholic popes undermined the empire, and its dissolution was accelerated by M. Luther's revolt in 1517, which divided Germany, and ultimately Europe, into Protestant and Catholic camps, culminating in the Thirty Years' War (1618-48). Germany's population and borders were greatly reduced, and its numerous feudal princes gained virtually full sovereignty. In 1862 O. von Bismarck came to power in Prussia, and over the next decade reunited Germany in the German empire. It was dissolved in 1918, after the German defeat in World War I. Germany was stripped of much of its territory and all of its colonies. The postwar government, the Weimar Republic, was replaced in 1934 by A. Hitler's Third Reich, dominated by the Nazi Party. Hitler's fanatical policies plunged the world into World War II. Following its defeat, Germany was divided by the Allied Powers into four zones of occupation. Disagreement with the Soviet Union over their reunification led to the creation in 1949 of the Federal Republic of Germany (W. ...
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