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Dada
Nihilistic movement in the arts that originated in Zurich in 1916 and flourished in New York, Berlin, Cologne, Paris, and Hannover in the early 20th cent. The name, French for "hobbyhorse," selected by a chance procedure, was adopted by a group of artists incl. J. Arp, M. Duchamp, M. Ray, and F. Picabia to symbolize their emphasis on the illogical and absurd, growing out of disgust with bourgeois values and despair over World War I. The archetypal Dada forms of expression were the nonsense poem and the ready-made. Dada had far-reaching effects on the art of the 20th cent.; the creative techniques of accident and chance were sustained in Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, conceptual art, and Pop art.


dado
In Classical architecture, the plain portion of the pedestal of a column, between the base and the cornice (or cap). In later architecture, a dado is a wall's paneled or decorated lower part, up to 2-3 ft (60-90 cm) above the floor and defined by a horizontal molding. Interior walls were so treated especially in the 16th-18th cent. In carpentry, a dado is a rectangular groove cut across the grain of a wood member.


Gabo
Russian-U.S. sculptor. He studied at the Univ. of Munich, and in 1913 he was introduced to avant-garde art in Paris by his brother, A. Pevsner. In 1920 the brothers returned to Russia and issued the Realist Manifesto, setting forth the principles of European Constructivism. Gabo produced abstract works of such unorthodox materials as glass, plastic, and wire to achieve a sense of movement. After some years in Europe, he settled in the U.S. in 1946 and taught at Harvard's architecture school. He received many awards and public commissions. A pioneer of the Constructivist movement, he was one of the earliest artists to experiment with kinetic sculpture.


Gaea
Greek goddess of the earth. She was both mother and wife to Uranus, or Heaven, from whom she was separated by her son Cronus, a Titan. According to Hesiod, she was the mother of all 12 Titans, as well as of the Furies and the Cyclopes (see Cyclops). She may have originated as a mother goddess worshiped in pre-Hellenic Greece before the introduction of the cult of Zeus.


gall
Abnormal, localized outgrowth or swelling of plant tissue caused by infection from bacteria, fungi, viruses, or nematodes, or by irritation by insects and mites. The common plant disease crown gall, characterized by the proliferation of galls on the roots and lower stems, is caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.


gar
Any of several large N. or Central Amer. fishes (genus Lepisosteus) related to the bowfin and dating back to the Eocene epoch. Gars are confined chiefly to freshwater, though some species enter brackish or salt water. They frequently bask at the surface in sluggish waters and commonly breathe atmospheric air. Their jaws and face form a sharp-toothed beak, and their ...

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