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Cabral
Guinean nationalist politician. In 1956 he founded the Partido Africano da Independ\u00ea ncia da Guin\u00e9 e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), which in 1962 began a war of liberation against Portuguese forces. By the late 1960s Cabral controlled much of Portuguese Guinea. He was assassinated in 1973. His half-brother, Lu\u00ed s de Almeida Cabral, became the first president of independent Guinea-Bissau in 1974.
Gabar
Derogatory name applied to the Zoroastrian minority of Iran. The word may derive from the Arabic kafir ("infidel"). After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th cent. BC, the Zoroastrians became an outcast minority, saddled with many social and economic disabilities. Since the 19th cent. they have received support from their coreligionists, the Parsis of India. Persecuted after the Islamic fundamentalist revolution of 1978-79, they currently number a few thousand.
Gibran
U.S. (Lebanese-born) philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. He emigrated with his parents to Boston in 1895 and later settled in New York City. His works, written in both Arabic and English, are full of lyrical outpourings and express his deeply religious and mystical nature. The Prophet (1923), a book of poetic essays, achieved cult status among Amer. youth for several generations. His other English works include The Madman (1918), Sand and Foam (1926), and Jesus, the Son of Man (1928).
APRA
Party founded by V. Haya de la Torre (1924), which dominated Peruvian politics for decades. Largely synonymous with the so-called Aprista movement, it was dedicated to Latin Amer. unity, the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises, and an end to the exploitation of Indians. Supported by workers and middle-class liberals, the party wielded significant power, but conservative forces took extraordinary measures to prevent Haya de la Torre from ever gaining the presidency. An APRA candidate, Alan Garc\u00ed a, finally became president in 1985. See also indigenismo.
Babbage
British mathematician and inventor. Educated at Cambridge Univ., he devoted himself from c.1812 to devising machines capable of calculating mathematical tables. His first small calculator could perform certain computations to eight decimals. In 1823 he obtained government support for the design of a projected machine with a 20-decimal capacity. In the 1830s he developed plans for the so-called analytical engine, capable of performing any arithmetical operation on the basis of instructions from punched cards, a memory unit in which to store numbers, sequential control, and most of the other basic elements of the present-day computer. The forerunner of the modern digital computer, the analytical engine was never completed. In 1991 British scientists built Difference Engine No. 2 (accurate to 31 digits) to Babbage's specifications. His other contributions included establishing the modern postal system in ...
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