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Carlisle
City (metro area pop., 1995 est: 103,000), and seat of Cumbria county, NW England. It was founded as Luguvallium by the Romans on the Eden River opposite a fortified camp on the line of Hadrian's Wall. Destroyed by Norse invaders c.875, it was restored when claimed from the Scots by William II in 1092. Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned there in 1568. It was besieged during the English Civil Wars, and its Royalist defenders eventually surrendered to Parliamentary forces in 1645. Its cotton-textile industry grew in the 18th-19th cent., and it has remained the center of the N England cotton industry.


Carlism
Spanish political movement of traditionalist character that originated in the 1820s. Carlists supported the claims of Ferdinand VII's brother Don Carlos (1788-1855) and his descendants to the throne, rejecting the succession of Ferdinand's daughter Isabella II by invoking the Salic Law (introduced into Spain in 1713), which excluded females from the royal succession. The disputed succession led to several unsuccessful civil rebellions, known as the Carlist Wars (1833-39, 1872-76). Later adherents of Carlism formed the Traditionalist Party (1918), which merged with the Falange in 1937.


Ehrlich
German medical scientist. After early work on distribution of foreign substances in the body and on cell nutrition, he found uses for staining agents in diagnosis (incl. that of tuberculosis) and treatment. He also researched typhoid, fever medications, and eye diseases. In one paper, he showed that different tissues' oxygen consumption reflected the intensity of their cell processes. Ehrlich developed a method of stimulating production of antitoxins by injecting increasing amounts of toxin into animals; his work was crucial to the creation of a diphtheria antitoxin. He and \u00c9 . Metchnikoff received a 1908 Nobel Prize. With Sahachiro Hata (1837-1938), he developed Salvarsan, the first effective syphilis treatment, in 1910.

U.S. biologist. Born in Philadelphia, he studied at the Univ. of Kansas and taught at Stanford Univ. from 1959. Though much of his research was done in entomology, his overriding concern became unchecked population growth. His most influential work was The Population Bomb (1968). In 1990 he shared with E. O. Wilson Sweden's prestigious Crafoord Prize.


Parrish
U.S. illustrator and painter. Born in Philadelphia and trained at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and Drexel Institute of Art, he was the highest-paid commercial artist and muralist in the U.S. by the 1920s. He is best known for his depictions of fantasy landscapes populated by attractive young women. He used meticulously defined outlines and intricately detailed natural backgrounds; his unusual colors, especially the luminous "Parrish blue," give his pictures a dreamlike quality. Though his popularity declined in the late 1930s, appreciation of his work revived in the 1960s and '70s.

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