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Possible definitions for earlier

Carriera
Venetian pastel portraitist and miniaturist. She became known for her miniature portraits on snuffboxes and was the first artist to use ivory rather than vellum as a support for miniatures. She achieved spectacular success throughout Europe with her fashionable pastel portraits of notables. On a trip to Paris (1720-21) she received commissions for numerous portraits, incl. one of Louis XV as a child. In 1721 she was elected to the French Royal Academy.


Cartier
French sailor and explorer. He was commissioned by Francis I to explore N. America in the hope of discovering gold, spices, and a passage to Asia. Cartier's explorations of the N. Amer. coast and the St. Lawrence River (1534, 1535, 1541-42) did not produce the desired results, but they did lay the basis for later French claims to Canada.

Canadian prime minister jointly with J. Macdonald (1858-62). Born in St. Antoine, Lower Canada (now Quebec), he was elected as a Liberal to the Canadian legislative assembly (1848) and was later appointed provincial secretary (1855) and attorney general for Canada East (1857). In 1858 he represented Canada East in the alliance with Macdonald and promoted the improvement of Anglo-French relations in Canada. He was a proponent of the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1867, despite great opposition, he carried his native province into confederation. He then served as minister of militia and defense in Macdonald's first Confederation cabinet (1867-72).


Garnier
French architect. The son of Charles Garnier (see Paris Opera), he held the position of architect of Lyon 1905-19. He is known chiefly for his Cit\u00e9 Industrielle, a farsighted plan for an industrial city. Most striking is his depiction of simplified reinforced-concrete forms inspired by the pioneering work of Auguste Perret. The most important work in Lyon to emerge from his Cit\u00e9 Industrielle was the large stockyard complex of 1908-24.

French naval officer, colonial administrator, and explorer. Son of an army officer, he joined the navy and participated in the French advance into S Vietnam in 1861. An enthusiastic believer in France's imperial destiny, he promoted the exploration of the Mekong River and took part in the first European expedition to enter Yunnan from the south (1866-68). His account, Voyage d'exploration en Indo-Chine, 1866-68 (1873), is a valuable record of the political and economic situation of the countries through which he passed. Summoned to Saigon in 1873 to rein in unauthorized trading with China, he instead tried to seize territory for France in N Vietnam and was killed in the attempt.


harrier
Any of about 11 species of hawks (subfamily Circinae; family Accipitridae) that are plain-looking, long-legged, long-tailed, and slender. Harriers cruise low over meadows and marshes looking for mice, snakes, frogs, small birds, and insects. They are about 20 in. (50 cm) long and have a small beak and ...

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