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Aram
Ancient country, SW Asia. It extended from the Lebanon Mtns. to beyond the Euphrates River. It was named after the Aramaeans, who emerged from the Syrian desert to invade Syria and Upper Mesopotamia (c.14th cent. BC) and who built numerous city-kingdoms, incl. Damascus. It lends its name to the Aramaic language.


Barlach
German sculptor, graphic artist, and writer. He studied in Hamburg, Dresden, and Paris. He achieved fame in the 1920s and '30s with the execution of several war memorials for the Weimar Republic. He became an outstanding exponent of German Expressionism, though his prints and sculpture were also strongly influenced by medieval German wood carving. He also wrote Expressionist plays, which he illustrated with woodcuts and lithographs. His studio at G\u00fc strow was opened posthumously as a museum.


cardamom
Spice consisting of whole or ground dried fruit, or seeds, of Elettaria cardamomum, a perennial herb of the ginger family. The flavor is warm, slightly pungent, and highly aromatic. Cardamom is a popular seasoning. Native to moist forests of S India, the fruit may be collected from wild plants, but most is cultivated. The whole fruit is a green, three-sided oval capsule containing 15-20 dark, hard, angular seeds.


Darlan
French admiral. After graduating from the French naval school (1902), he rose through the ranks to become navy commander in chief (1939). After France's defeat by Germany in World War II, he entered P. P\u00e9 tain's government as vice premier and foreign minister (1941-42), then became commander in chief of all Vichy France military forces. In 1942 he concluded an armistice with the Allies in Algiers, then was killed by an anti-Vichy assassin.


Earhart
U.S. aviator, the first woman to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean. Born in Atchison, Kans., she worked as a military nurse in Canada during World War I and later as a social worker in Boston. In 1928 she became the first woman to cross the Atlantic in a plane, though as a passenger. In 1932 she accomplished the flight alone, becoming the first woman and the second person to do so. In 1935 she became the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California. In 1937 she set out with a navigator, Fred Noonan, to fly around the world; they had completed over two-thirds of the distance when her plane disappeared without a trace in the central Pacific Ocean. Speculation about her fate has continued to the present.


Elam
Ancient country, SW modern-day Iran. It was located at the head of the Persian Gulf east of Babylonia; its capital was Susa (Elam was sometimes known as Susiana). It was closely tied culturally to Mesopotamia, and was in conflict with the Sumerians and Akkadians from c.3000 BC. In the 13th cent. BC, it became a dominant power; its domain included most of Mesopotamia east of the Tigris and reached almost to Persepolis. This domination ended ...

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