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Ailly
French theologian and cardinal. D'Ailly worked to end the Western Schism. He advocated the doctrine of conciliarism (see Conciliar Movement). He was active at the Council of Pisa (1409), which deposed both pope and antipope in favor of the new conciliar pope, Alexander V, and at the Council of Constance (1414-18), which called for the abdication of John XXIII and the election of yet another pope (Martin V). His writings included a geographical treatise, Image of the World, used by C. Columbus.
Daimler
German automotive inventor. Trained as an engineer, he cofounded an engine-building company in 1882. He patented one of the first successful internal combustion engines in 1885 and was the first to use a gasoline engine to power a bicycle (see motorcycle). Further innovations culminated in 1889 in a commercially feasible four-wheeled automobile. In 1890 the Daimler company was founded at Cannstadt, and in 1899 it produced the first Mercedes car. In 1926 it merged with the company founded by G. Benz. See also DaimlerChrysler.
daimyo
Any of the largest and most powerful landholding magnates in Japan (c.10th cent.-19th cent). The term was originally applied to military lords who gained territorial control over the various private estates into which the country had been divided; later, in the 14th-15th cent., daimyo acted as military governors for the Ashikaga shogunate. Though they held legal jurisdiction over areas as large as provinces, their private landholdings were relatively small. As the nation descended into internecine war, daimyo tended to hold small but consolidated domains in which all the land belonged to themselves or their vassals. Gradually, through constant battles, fewer and fewer daimyo came to hold more and more territory. When Tokugawa Ieyasu completed unification of Japan in 1603, roughly 200 daimyo had been brought under Tokugawa hegemony. In the Tokugawa shogunate, the daimyo acted as local rulers in three-quarters of the country. After the Meiji Restoration, the daimyo were converted into a pensioned nobility residing in Tokyo. See also han.
dialect
Variety of a language spoken by a group of people and having features of vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language. Dialects usually develop as a result of geographic, social, political, or economic barriers between groups of people who speak the same language. When dialects diverge to the point that they are mutually incomprehensible, they become languages in their own right. This was the case with Latin, various dialects of which evolved into the different Romance languages. See also koine.
diary
Record of events, transactions, or observations kept daily or at frequent intervals; especially a daily record of personal activities, reflections, or feelings. Written primarily for the writer's use alone, the diary usually ...
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