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Dalian
City (pop., 1990: 1,723,000) and deepwater port on the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaodong province, China. Leased to Russia in 1898, it was made a free port and terminus of the Trans-Siberian railroad (1899). The Japanese occupied it during the Russo-Japanese War (1904), and the lease was transferred to Japan by treaty in 1905; Dalian again became a free port in 1906. Soviet troops captured the city in 1945, but by a Chinese-Soviet treaty it remained under Chinese sovereignty with preferential rights to the port for the U.S.S.R.; Soviet troops withdrew in 1955. Industries include fishing, shipbuilding, oil refining, and the manufacture of locomotives, machine tools, textiles, and chemicals.
almanac
Book or table containing a calendar of a given year, with a record of various astronomical phenomena, often with weather prognostications, seasonal suggestions for farmers, and other information. The first printed almanac appeared in the mid-15th cent. B. Franklin began his famous Poor Richard's almanacs in 1732. A form of folk literature, 18th-cent. almanacs furnished useful and entertaining information where reading matter was scarce; a surviving example is the Old Farmer's Almanac. Modern almanacs are often annual publications containing statistical, tabular, and general information.
Altan
Mongol khan who terrorized China in the 16th cent. He established a Chinese-style government in his homeland and concluded a peace treaty with Ming-dynasty China in 1571. He converted the Mongols to the reformed, or Dge-lugs-pa, sect of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1578 Altan granted the head of the sect the title of Dalai Lama. With Mongol military aid, later Dalai Lamas crushed the more established Karma-pa (Red or Black Hat) sect in Tibet to become Tibet's spiritual and temporal rulers. See also Gtsang dynasty.
Altman
U.S. film director. Born in Kansas City, he learned filmmaking by directing industrial films, then directed several television series before making his first feature film, Countdown (1967). The successful antiwar comedy M*A*S*H (1970) established his reputation as an independent director whose work emphasizes character and atmosphere over plot. His other films include Brewster McCloud (1970), McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), Nashville (1976), Popeye (1980), the critically acclaimed The Player (1992), Short Cuts (1993), The Gingerbread Man (1998), and Cookie's Fortune (1999).
Amman
City (pop., 1994 est.: 963,000), capital of Jordan. It lies 25 mi (40 km) northeast of the Dead Sea. Amman is by far the largest city of Jordan. Fortified settlements have existed in the area from remote antiquity; the earliest date from the Chalcolithic period (c.4000-3000 BC). As Rabbah, it became the capital of the Ammonites. It was conquered by Egypt's Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who renamed it Philadelphia, a name retained through Roman times. Taken by the Arabs in AD 635, it later ...
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