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Coke
British jurist and politician. He became a lawyer in 1578 and was made solicitor general in 1592. His further advance to the position of attorney general (1594) frustrated his great rival, F. Bacon. As attorney general, he conducted several famous treason trials, prosecuting the earls of Essex and Southampton (1600-1), Sir W. Raleigh (1603), and the Gunpowder Plot conspirators (1605). Named chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1606, Coke earned the ire of James I by declaring that the king's proclamation could not change the law (1610). He upset church leaders by limiting the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts. Appointed chief justice of the King's Bench by James (1613), he remained unswayed; he hinted at scandal in high places, and defied a royal injunction in a case involving ecclesiastical privileges. He was dismissed in 1616, partly through Bacon's efforts. In 1620 he reentered Parliament (he had served in 1589), where he denounced interference with the liberties of Parliament (1621) and was imprisoned. In 1628 he helped frame the Petition of Right, a charter of liberties; this defense of the supremacy of the common law over royal prerogative had a profound influence on the English law and constitution. On his death his papers were seized by Charles I. His Reports (1600-15), taken together, are a monumental compendium of English common law, and his Institutes of the Lawes of England (4 vols., 1628-44) is an important treatise.
coke
Solid residue remaining after certain types of coals are heated to a high temperature out of contact with air until substantially all components that easily vaporize have been driven off. The residue is chiefly carbon, with minor amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Also present in coke is the mineral matter in the original coal, chemically altered and decomposed. The gradual exhaustion of timber in England had led first to prohibitions on cutting of wood for charcoal and eventually to the introduction of coke. Thereafter the iron industry expanded rapidly and Britain became the world's greatest iron producer (see A. Darby). The crucible process (1740) resulted in the first reliable steel made by a melting process. Oven coke (about 1.5-4 in., or 40-100 mm, in size) is used in blast furnaces to make iron. Smaller quantities of coke are used in other metallurgical processes (see metallurgy), such as the manufacture of certain alloys. Large, strong coke, known as foundry coke, is used in smelting. Smaller sizes of coke (0.6-1.2 in., or 15-30 mm) are used to heat buildings.
concerto
Musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra. The solo concerto grew out of the older concerto grosso. G. Torelli's violin concertos of 1698 are the first known solo concertos. A. Vivaldi, the first important concerto composer, wrote over 350 solo concertos, mostly for violin. J. S. Bach wrote the first keyboard concertos. From the Classical ...
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