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calla
Either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family. Calla palustris is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. The common name calla is also generally given to several species of Zantedeschia, often called calla lilies. The handsome C. palustris occurs widely in wet places in cool, N temperate and subarctic regions. It has heart-shaped leaves, showy white floral leaves, and clusters of brilliant red berries. Its juice is violently poisonous. The most important of the calla lilies, all native to S. Africa, is the common florist's calla (Z. aethiopica), a stout herb with a fragrant white spathe and arrow-shaped leaves; a popular indoor plant, it is grown commercially for cut flowers.
chakra
In Hinduism and Tantra, any of 88,000 focal points in the human body where psychic forces and bodily functions can merge and interact. In Hinduism there are seven and in Tantra four major chakras, each associated with a color, shape, sense organ, natural element, deity, and mantra. The most important are the heart chakra, the chakra at the base of the spine, and the chakra at the top of the head.
Chaldea
Ancient region, on the Euphrates River and the Persian Gulf. It was originally the S part of Babylonia; the name Chaldea has been used (especially in the Bible) as equivalent to all of Babylonia after it was occupied by the Chaldeans, a Semitic people who had attacked the region from the 11th cent. BC. Securing the throne, they established a Chaldean (or neo-Babylonian) dynasty c.625 BC. Under Nebuchadnezzar II the empire expanded, subduing Judaea and capturing Jerusalem. It fell to Persia in 539 BC.
Chalgrin
French architect. He was trained by E.-L. Boullé e and won the Academy of Architecture's Grand Prix de Rome at 19. His Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris (1764), was influential in reviving the basilica plan as a standard for European churches; it is characterized by a simplicity of design in stark contrast to the complex interiors of existing Gothic and Renaissance churches of the time. Chalgrin died before finishing his masterpiece, the Arc de Triomphe.
chalk
Soft, fine-grained, easily pulverized, white-to-grayish variety of limestone, composed of the shells of minute marine organisms. The purest varieties contain up to 99% calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite. Extensive deposits occur in W Europe south of Sweden and in England, notably in the chalk cliffs of Dover along the English Channel. Other extensive deposits occur in the U.S. from S. Dakota to Texas and eastward to Alabama. Chalk is used for making lime and portland cement and as a soil additive. Finely ground and purified chalk is known as whiting and is used as a filler, extender, or pigment in a wide variety of materials, incl. ceramics, putty, cosmetics, crayons, plastics, rubber, paper, paints, and linoleum. The chalk commonly used in classrooms is a manufactured ...
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