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Assad
President of Syria (1971-2000). He joined the Baath Party in 1946 and in 1955 became an air-force pilot. He became air-force commander (1963) after helping the Baathists gain power. After participating in a military coup in 1966, he became minister of defense. He led a coup in 1970 to replace his political mentor, Salah al-Jadid, as Syria's leader. He joined Egypt in a surprise attack on Israel (1973), but nearly 20 years later (1991) joined peace negotiations with Israel in an effort to regain the Golan Heights, taken by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. A longtime foe of Saddam Hussein, he supported the Western Alliance against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War. He was succeeded by his son Bashar.


Assal
Saline lake, central Djibouti. Situated at 515 ft (157 m) below sea level, it is the lowest point in Africa. It has been used for quarrying salt.


Assam
State (pop., 1994 est.: 24,200,000), NE India. With an area of 30,318 sq mi (78,524 sq km), Assam borders Bhutan and Bangladesh; its capital is Dispur. A strong independent kingdom was founded there in the 13th cent. by invaders from Myanmar (Burma) and China; it reached its zenith in the early 18th cent. The British took control in the early 19th cent. In the division of India (1947), Assam lost some territory to Pakistan. Beginning in the 1960s, four new states--Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh--were created from land within Assam. The Brahmaputra River valley is its dominant physical feature. The population consists of Indo-Iranian and Asian peoples; the most widely spoken language is Assamese.


Assassin
Islamic sect of the 11th-13th cent. that regarded killing its enemies as a religious duty. From Alamut, his fortress in Iran, the sect's leader, Hasan-e Sabbah (d.1124), commanded a network of strongholds and a corps of terrorists who murdered generals and statesmen of the Abbasid dynasty. The Mongols finally ended Assassin power when they captured Alamut in 1256. Present-day Ismailis are descended from the Assassins.


assaying
In chemical analysis, the process of determining proportions of metal, particularly precious metal, in ores and metallurgical products. The most important assaying technique grew largely out of the experiments of the ancient alchemists and goldsmiths. Precious metals tend to occur as scattered particles randomly distributed, so a large sample of ore is required. Such large samples (typically containing gold, silver, and lead) are still most economically assayed by this ancient method, which involves several steps of heating and cooling. More sophisticated recent methods, such as spectrochemical analysis, are not suited to assaying precious metal ores because the samples of the inhomogeneous ore that must be used are larger than the instruments can handle. See also parting.


Dassault
French aircraft designer and industrialist. He designed ...

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