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Aachen
City (pop., 1995 est.: 247,000), W Germany, southwest of Cologne. It was inhabited by Romans in the 1st cent. AD. A center of Carolingian culture, and the second city of Charlemagne's empire, it was the site of his great palace. The cathedral built by Charlemagne c.800 saw the coronation of most German kings of the 10th-16th cent.; his chapel, with his tomb, remains as part of the larger Gothic cathedral today. Aachen was part of France 1801-15. It is famous for its many spas.


Aalto
Finnish architect and designer. He graduated from the Technical Institute of Helsinki, and in 1925 married Aino Marsio (d.1949), who served as his collaborator. His reputation rests on a distinctive style that blends classic modernism, indigenous materials (especially timber), and personal expression. His unique blending of modernism and informal regional character was perhaps best expressed in his civic center at S\u00e4 yn\u00e4 tsalo (1950-52), with its simple forms in red brick, wood, and copper. He remains one of the Modern movement's most popular architects; reproductions of his bent laminated wood furniture appear in households worldwide.


Aaron
Brother of Moses and first high priest of ancient Israel. Acting as a spokesman for Moses, he played a central role in forcing the pharaoh to allow the Israelites to leave Egypt. God charged Aaron and Moses with commemorating the event at Passover, and Aaron and his sons were given priestly authority by Moses. Though Aaron is a pivotal figure in Exodus, he nearly fades from view thereafter. He is mentioned as the one responsible for the Israelites' idolatrous worship of the golden calf while Moses was on Mt. Sinai receiving the Law from God. His death at 123 is noted in Numbers.


AARP
Nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that addresses the needs and interests of Americans aged 50 and older. It was founded in 1958 by a retired teacher, Ethel Andrus, and merged in 1982 with the National Retired Teachers Assn., also founded by Andrus (1947). Its bimonthly magazine, Modern Maturity, has the largest circulation of any U.S. periodical. Its membership of more than 30 million and its members' reliably high voting turnout have made it one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the U.S.


Acosta
Portuguese Jewish freethinker. Born into a marrano family, he came to feel that there was no salvation through the Roman Catholic church, and converted to Judaism. His mother and brother also converted, and he and his family fled to Amsterdam. In 1616 he attacked rabbinic Judaism as nonbiblical and was excommunicated. When he enlarged on his criticisms in 1623-24, denying the immortality of the soul, he was arrested and fined. He recanted, but was later excommunicated again. He recanted publicly in 1640, after which he wrote a short autobiography, Example of a Human Life, and shot himself.


Advent
In the Christian calendar, ...

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