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Aachen
City (pop., 1995 est.: 247,000), W Germany, southwest of Cologne. It was inhabited by Romans in the 1st cent. AD. A center of Carolingian culture, and the second city of Charlemagne's empire, it was the site of his great palace. The cathedral built by Charlemagne c.800 saw the coronation of most German kings of the 10th-16th cent.; his chapel, with his tomb, remains as part of the larger Gothic cathedral today. Aachen was part of France 1801-15. It is famous for its many spas.


Achebe
Nigerian Igbo novelist. Concerned with emergent Africa at its moments of crisis, he is acclaimed for depictions of the disorientation accompanying the imposition of Western customs and values on traditional African society. Things Fall Apart (1958) and Arrow of God (1964) portray traditional Igbo life as it clashes with colonialism. No Longer at Ease (1960), A Man of the People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1988) deal with corruption and other aspects of postcolonial African life.


Acheson
U.S. secretary of state (1949-53). Born in Middletown, Conn., he practiced law in Washington, D.C., before joining the State Department (1941), where he later served as undersecretary (1945-47). In 1947 he helped design the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. As secretary of state under H. Truman, he promoted the formation of NATO and was a principal creator of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War. During the hearings held by Sen. J. McCarthy, he refused to fire any State Department subordinates, incl. A. Hiss. He established the policies of nonrecognition of Red China and aid to the regime of Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan, and he supported U.S. aid to the French colonial regime in Indochina. After leaving office, he continued to advise successive presidents. His memoir Present at the Creation won a 1970 Pulitzer Prize.


albedo
Fraction of light reflected by a body or surface, commonly used in astronomy to describe the reflective properties of planets, natural satellites, and asteroids. "Normal" albedo (the relative brightness of a surface when illuminated and observed from directly above) is often used to determine the surface compositions of satellites and asteroids. The albedo, diameter, and distance of such objects together determine their brightness.


Anaheim
City (pop., 1992 est.: 276,000), SW California. Lying on the plain of the Santa Ana River 25 mi (40 km) southeast of Los Angeles, it was founded by German immigrants in 1857 as a cooperative agricultural community. After 1950 its citrus groves and vineyards had all but disappeared in the Los Angeles-Orange Co. urban-industrial expansion. W. Disney's first amusement park, Disneyland, opened there in 1955. Today it is a prominent convention site.


aphid
Any of several species of sapsucking, soft-bodied insects (order Homoptera) that are about the size of a pinhead, with tubelike projections on the ...

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